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Frontal Systems Dysfunction in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities

Received April 28, 1997; revised July 21, 1997; accepted July 24, 1997. From the Divisions of Neuropsychology and Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, North Shore University Hospital, New York University Medical School, Manhassett, New York. Address correspondence to Dr. Frank, North Shore University Hospital, Department of Neurology, 300 Community Drive, Manhassett, NY 11030.

Tests of attention, inhibition, working memory, motor learning, and problem solving—functions associated with the brain's frontal systems—were administered to 26 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities (ADHD+LD), 22 children with LD only, and 10 with ADHD only. Percentages of abnormal test results and significantly impaired scores were higher for the two groups with LD than for the ADHD-only group. The groups differed significantly on some tests of attention-inhibition-cueing, working memory, and problem solving, with the ADHD+LD and LD groups performing worse than the ADHD-only group. Abnormalities of frontal systems tests are not exclusive ADHD characteristics and are also present in LD children, implying a strong connection between centers of "processing" and centers of "executive" functions.

Key Words: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder • Learning Disabilities • Executive Functions

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