The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Journal Home Search Current Issue Past Issues Subscribe All APPI Journals Help Contact Us
 
Quicksearch
Advanced Search
Or Search All APPI Journals
This Article
* Full Text (PDF)
* Alert me when this article is cited
* Alert me if a correction is posted
* Citation Map
Services
* Email this article to a Colleague
* Similar articles in this journal
* Similar articles in PubMed
* Alert me to new issues of the journal
* Add to My Articles & Searches
* Download to citation manager
* reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
* Citing Articles via HighWire
* Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
* Articles by Goldman-Rakic, P. S.
* Search for Related Content
PubMed
* PubMed Citation
* Articles by Goldman-Rakic, P. S.

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 6:348-357
Copyright © 1994 by American Neuropsychiatric Association

REGULAR ARTICLES

Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia

PS Goldman-Rakic
Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.

Recent advances in anatomical, behavioral, and physiological techniques have produced new information about the nature of prefrontal function, its cellular basis, and its anatomical underpinnings in nonhuman primates. These findings are changing our views of prefrontal function and providing insight into possible bases for human mental disorder. A major advance is the recognition that various prefrontal areas are engaged in holding information "on line" and updating past and current information on a moment-to-moment basis. Studies of animals and of cognitive function in normal, brain-injured, and schizophrenic subjects support the theory that a defect in working memory--the ability to guide behavior by representations--may be the fundamental impairment leading to schizophrenic thought disorder.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Hum Mol GenetHome page
M. Ikeda, T. Hikita, S. Taya, J. Uraguchi-Asaki, K. Toyo-oka, A. Wynshaw-Boris, H. Ujike, T. Inada, K. Takao, T. Miyakawa, et al.
Identification of YWHAE, a gene encoding 14-3-3epsilon, as a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia
Hum. Mol. Genet., October 15, 2008; 17(20): 3212 - 3222.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Learn. Mem.Home page
A. B. Hains and A. F.T. Arnsten
Molecular mechanisms of stress-induced prefrontal cortical impairment: Implications for mental illness
Learn. Mem., August 6, 2008; 15(8): 551 - 564.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Schizophr BullHome page
S. Park, N. Matthews, and C. Gibson
Imitation, Simulation, and Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2008; 34(4): 698 - 707.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
H. M. Morris, T. Hashimoto, and D. A. Lewis
Alterations in Somatostatin mRNA Expression in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2008; 18(7): 1575 - 1587.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Schizophr BullHome page
U. Meyer, J. Feldon, and B. K. Yee
A Review of the Fetal Brain Cytokine Imbalance Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Schizophr Bull, April 11, 2008; (2008) sbn022v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
T. Hashimoto, H. H. Bazmi, K. Mirnics, Q. Wu, A. R. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis
Conserved Regional Patterns of GABA-Related Transcript Expression in the Neocortex of Subjects With Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, April 1, 2008; 165(4): 479 - 489.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. PsychiatryHome page
A. R. YUNG and P. D. McGORRY
Prediction of psychosis: setting the stage
The British Journal of Psychiatry, December 1, 2007; 191(51): s1 - s8.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
H.-Y. Tan, J. H. Callicott, and D. R. Weinberger
Dysfunctional and Compensatory Prefrontal Cortical Systems, Genes and the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2007; 17(suppl_1): i171 - i181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. PsychiatryHome page
M. S. Kraus and R. S. E. Keefe
Cognition as an outcome measure in schizophrenia
The British Journal of Psychiatry, August 1, 2007; 191(50): s46 - s51.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeuroscientistHome page
U. Meyer, B. K. Yee, and J. Feldon
The Neurodevelopmental Impact of Prenatal Infections at Different Times of Pregnancy: The Earlier the Worse?
Neuroscientist, June 1, 2007; 13(3): 241 - 256.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J PsychopharmacolHome page
P.R. Corlett, G.D. Honey, and P.C. Fletcher
From prediction error to psychosis: ketamine as a pharmacological model of delusions
J Psychopharmacol, May 1, 2007; 21(3): 238 - 252.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
A. Del Cul, S. Dehaene, and M. Leboyer
Preserved Subliminal Processing and Impaired Conscious Access in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2006; 63(12): 1313 - 1323.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
H.-Y. Tan, S. Sust, J. W. Buckholtz, V. S. Mattay, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, M. F. Egan, D. R. Weinberger, and J. H. Callicott
Dysfunctional Prefrontal Regional Specialization and Compensation in Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2006; 163(11): 1969 - 1977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
J. L. Reilly, M. S. H. Harris, M. S. Keshavan, and J. A. Sweeney
Adverse effects of risperidone on spatial working memory in first-episode schizophrenia.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2006; 63(11): 1189 - 1197.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Schizophr BullHome page
A. M. Saperstein, R. L. Fuller, M. T. Avila, H. Adami, R. P. McMahon, G. K. Thaker, and J. M. Gold
Spatial Working Memory as a Cognitive Endophenotype of Schizophrenia: Assessing Risk for Pathophysiological Dysfunction
Schizophr Bull, July 1, 2006; 32(3): 498 - 506.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
H. Koike, P. A. Arguello, M. Kvajo, M. Karayiorgou, and J. A. Gogos
Disc1 is mutated in the 129S6/SvEv strain and modulates working memory in mice
PNAS, March 7, 2006; 103(10): 3693 - 3697.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
Z. Gu, Q. Jiang, E. Y. Yuen, and Z. Yan
Activation of Dopamine D4 Receptors Induces Synaptic Translocation of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in Cultured Prefrontal Cortical Neurons
Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2006; 69(3): 813 - 822.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. PsychiatryHome page
T. J. CULLEN, M. A. WALKER, S. L. EASTWOOD, M. M. ESIRI, P. J. HARRISON, and T. J. CROW
Anomalies of asymmetry of pyramidal cell density and structure in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia
The British Journal of Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 188(1): 26 - 31.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
A. Reichenberg, M. Weiser, M. A. Rapp, J. Rabinowitz, A. Caspi, J. Schmeidler, H. Y. Knobler, G. Lubin, D. Nahon, P. D. Harvey, et al.
Elaboration on Premorbid Intellectual Performance in Schizophrenia: Premorbid Intellectual Decline and Risk for Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2005; 62(12): 1297 - 1304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
J. J. Foxe, M. M. Murray, and D. C. Javitt
Filling-in in Schizophrenia: a High-density Electrical Mapping and Source-analysis Investigation of Illusory Contour Processing
Cereb Cortex, December 1, 2005; 15(12): 1914 - 1927.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
H.-Y. Tan, W.-C. Choo, C. S.L. Fones, and M. W.L. Chee
fMRI Study of Maintenance and Manipulation Processes Within Working Memory in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 162(10): 1849 - 1858.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
V. Mitropoulou, P. D. Harvey, G. Zegarelli, A. S. New, J. M. Silverman, and L. J. Siever
Neuropsychological Performance in Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Importance of Working Memory
Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 162(10): 1896 - 1903.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
T. D. Cannon, D. C. Glahn, J. Kim, T. G. M. Van Erp, K. Karlsgodt, M. S. Cohen, K. H. Nuechterlein, S. Bava, and D. Shirinyan
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Maintenance and Manipulation of Information in Working Memory in Patients With Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 62(10): 1071 - 1080.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Child MaltreatHome page
M. D. De Bellis
The Psychobiology of Neglect
Child Maltreat, May 1, 2005; 10(2): 150 - 172.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
P. D. Butler, V. Zemon, I. Schechter, A. M. Saperstein, M. J. Hoptman, K. O. Lim, N. Revheim, G. Silipo, and D. C. Javitt
Early-Stage Visual Processing and Cortical Amplification Deficits in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, May 1, 2005; 62(5): 495 - 504.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
T. Hashimoto, S. E. Bergen, Q. L. Nguyen, B. Xu, L. M. Monteggia, J. N. Pierri, Z. Sun, A. R. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis
Relationship of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Its Receptor TrkB to Altered Inhibitory Prefrontal Circuitry in Schizophrenia
J. Neurosci., January 12, 2005; 25(2): 372 - 383.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeuroscientistHome page
C. Constantinidis and X.-J. Wang
A Neural Circuit Basis for Spatial Working Memory
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2004; 10(6): 553 - 565.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Child NeurolHome page
K. K. S. Voeller
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
J Child Neurol, October 1, 2004; 19(10): 798 - 814.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
G. Winterer, R. Coppola, T. E. Goldberg, M. F. Egan, D. W. Jones, C. E. Sanchez, and D. R. Weinberger
Prefrontal Broadband Noise, Working Memory, and Genetic Risk for Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, March 1, 2004; 161(3): 490 - 500.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
Z.-w. Zhang
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Intrinsic Properties and Synaptic Function
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2004; 91(3): 1171 - 1182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
G. Chen, P. Greengard, and Z. Yan
Potentiation of NMDA receptor currents by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex
PNAS, February 24, 2004; 101(8): 2596 - 2600.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
X. Wang, P. Zhong, Z. Gu, and Z. Yan
Regulation of NMDA Receptors by Dopamine D4 Signaling in Prefrontal Cortex
J. Neurosci., October 29, 2003; 23(30): 9852 - 9861.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
H. Silver, P. Feldman, W. Bilker, and R. C. Gur
Working Memory Deficit as a Core Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2003; 160(10): 1809 - 1816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Miyakawa, L. M. Leiter, D. J. Gerber, R. R. Gainetdinov, T. D. Sotnikova, H. Zeng, M. G. Caron, and S. Tonegawa
Conditional calcineurin knockout mice exhibit multiple abnormal behaviors related to schizophrenia
PNAS, July 22, 2003; 100(15): 8987 - 8992.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
T. Hashimoto, D. W. Volk, S. M. Eggan, K. Mirnics, J. N. Pierri, Z. Sun, A. R. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis
Gene Expression Deficits in a Subclass of GABA Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects with Schizophrenia
J. Neurosci., July 16, 2003; 23(15): 6315 - 6326.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
E. Degenetais, A.-M. Thierry, J. Glowinski, and Y. Gioanni
Synaptic Influence of Hippocampus on Pyramidal Cells of the Rat Prefrontal Cortex: An In Vivo Intracellular Recording Study
Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2003; 13(7): 782 - 792.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
J.-J. Kim, J. S. Kwon, H. J. Park, T. Youn, D. H. Kang, M. S. Kim, D. S. Lee, and M. C. Lee
Functional Disconnection Between the Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices During Working Memory Processing in Schizophrenia: A [15O]H2O PET Study
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2003; 160(5): 919 - 923.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
Z.-w. Zhang
Serotonin Induces Tonic Firing in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Prefrontal Cortex during Postnatal Development
J. Neurosci., April 15, 2003; 23(8): 3373 - 3384.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
T. Lencz, R. M. Bilder, E. Turkel, R. S. Goldman, D. Robinson, J. M. Kane, and J. A. Lieberman
Impairments in Perceptual Competency and Maintenance on a Visual Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 2003; 60(3): 238 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
D. H. Mathalon, A. Pfefferbaum, K. O. Lim, M. J. Rosenbloom, and E. V. Sullivan
Compounded Brain Volume Deficits in Schizophrenia-Alcoholism Comorbidity
Arch Gen Psychiatry, March 1, 2003; 60(3): 245 - 252.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
A. Keller, F. X. Castellanos, A. C. Vaituzis, N. O. Jeffries, J. N. Giedd, and J. L. Rapoport
Progressive Loss of Cerebellar Volume in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, January 1, 2003; 160(1): 128 - 133.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
N. Gorelova, J. K. Seamans, and C. R. Yang
Mechanisms of Dopamine Activation of Fast-Spiking Interneurons That Exert Inhibition in Rat Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 3150 - 3166.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi.Home page
A. Broerse, T.J. Crawford, and J.A. den Boer
Differential Effects of Olanzapine and Risperidone on Cognition in Schizophrenia?: A Saccadic Eye Movement Study
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, November 1, 2002; 14(4): 454 - 460.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
D. W. Volk, J. N. Pierri, J.-M. Fritschy, S. Auh, A. R. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis
Reciprocal Alterations in Pre- and Postsynaptic Inhibitory Markers at Chandelier Cell Inputs to Pyramidal Neurons in Schizophrenia
Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2002; 12(10): 1063 - 1070.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BrainHome page
N. F. Ramsey, H. A. M. Koning, P. Welles, W. Cahn, J. A. van der Linden, and R. S. Kahn
Excessive recruitment of neural systems subserving logical reasoning in schizophrenia
Brain, August 1, 2002; 125(8): 1793 - 1807.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. PsychiatryHome page
T. WYKES, M. BRAMMER, J. MELLERS, P. BRAY, C. REEDER, C. WILLIAMS, and J. CORNER
Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: cognitive remediation therapy: Functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia
The British Journal of Psychiatry, August 1, 2002; 181(2): 144 - 152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
P. Karlsson, L. Farde, C. Halldin, and G. Sedvall
PET Study of D1 Dopamine Receptor Binding in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2002; 159(5): 761 - 767.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
A. Abi-Dargham, O. Mawlawi, I. Lombardo, R. Gil, D. Martinez, Y. Huang, D.-R. Hwang, J. Keilp, L. Kochan, R. Van Heertum, et al.
Prefrontal Dopamine D1 Receptors and Working Memory in Schizophrenia
J. Neurosci., May 1, 2002; 22(9): 3708 - 3719.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
G. V. Williams, S. G. Rao, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic
The Physiological Role of 5-HT2A Receptors in Working Memory
J. Neurosci., April 1, 2002; 22(7): 2843 - 2854.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
D. A. Lewis, D. A. Cruz, D. S. Melchitzky, and J. N. Pierri
Lamina-Specific Deficits in Parvalbumin-Immunoreactive Varicosities in the Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects With Schizophrenia: Evidence for Fewer Projections From the Thalamus
Am J Psychiatry, September 1, 2001; 158(9): 1411 - 1422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Cogn. Neurosci.Home page
J. M. Jansma, N. F. Ramsey, H. A. Slagter, and R. S. Kahn
Functional Anatomical Correlates of Controlled and Automatic Processing
J. Cogn. Neurosci., August 1, 2001; 13(6): 730 - 743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
H. Kwon, V. Menon, S. Eliez, I. S. Warsofsky, C. D. White, J. Dyer-Friedman, A. K. Taylor, G. H. Glover, and A. L. Reiss
Functional Neuroanatomy of Visuospatial Working Memory in Fragile X Syndrome: Relation to Behavioral and Molecular Measures
Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2001; 158(7): 1040 - 1051.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
P. D. Butler, I. Schechter, V. Zemon, S. G. Schwartz, V. C. Greenstein, J. Gordon, C. E. Schroeder, and D. C. Javitt
Dysfunction of Early-Stage Visual Processing in Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2001; 158(7): 1126 - 1133.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Constantinidis, M. N. Franowicz, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic
Coding Specificity in Cortical Microcircuits: A Multiple-Electrode Analysis of Primate Prefrontal Cortex
J. Neurosci., May 15, 2001; 21(10): 3646 - 3655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
J. N. Pierri, C. L. E. Volk, S. Auh, A. Sampson, and D. A. Lewis
Decreased Somal Size of Deep Layer 3 Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex of Subjects With Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, May 1, 2001; 58(5): 466 - 473.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]