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J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997; 9:382-402
Copyright © 1997 by American Neuropsychiatric Association
Neurobiology of fear responses: the role of the amygdala
M Davis
Ribicoff Research Facilities of the Connecticut Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06508, USA.
Evidence from many different laboratories using a variety of experimental
techniques and animal species indicates that the amygdala plays a crucial
role in conditioned fear and anxiety, as well as attention. Many amygdaloid
projection areas are critically involved in specific signs used to measure
fear and anxiety. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits a pattern
of behaviors that mimic natural or conditioned fear. Lesions of the
amygdala block innate or conditioned fear, as well as various measures of
attention, and local infusions of drugs into the amygdala have anxiolytic
effects in several behavioral tests. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors
in the amygdala may be important in the acquisition of conditioned fear,
whereas non-NMDA receptors are important for the expression of conditioned
fear. The peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone appears to be especially
important in fear or anxiety and may act within the amygdala to orchestrate
parts of the fear reaction.
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