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External Globus Pallidus in Depression

Key Words: Globus Pallidus • Depression

SIR: Baumann et al.¹ recently published findings showing reduced volume of the external globus pallidus (GPe) in subjects with histories of unipolar and bipolar depression. The pallidal finding is of interest in light of previous results.

Depression is prominent in diseases that predominantly affect the globus pallidus, such as encephalitis lethargica² and Fahr's syndrome (FS).³ There is some evidence suggesting predominant GPe involvement in FS.³ In a study of focal subcortical lacunar infarcts, 89% of subjects with secondary major depression had pallidal lesions.⁴ Left GPe lesions were significantly more common in these depressed subjects than in otherwise-identical control subjects. In another study, elderly depressed subjects had more pallidal and putaminal hyperintensities than nondepressed matched control subjects.⁵ In another report, untreated depressed patients who committed suicide had selectively increased pallidal serotonin 5-HT_lD receptor binding.⁶

The potential pathophysiological implications of these findings were set forth in our model of depression after pallidal lesions.⁴ Briefly, dorsal GPe dysfunction disinhibits internal GP (GPi) neurons projecting to the parvocellular portion of the mediodorsal thalamus. This increases GPi inhibition of the thalamus, leading to reduced thalamocortical glutamatergic stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical areas. The model also predicts that increased ventral GPe inhibition on GPi neurons projecting to the magnocellular portion of the mediodorsal thalamus leads to enhanced ventral frontal inhibition on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, resulting in depression. These states accord with metabolic data and structural findings in unipolar depression.⁴ Consistent with this model, GPi stimulation⁷ (inhibiting GPi) and ventroposterior pallidotomy⁸ are reported to reduce depression in Parkinson's patients.

GPe abnormalities can be eclipsed by other structural pathology in neurological illness and are potentially subject to underascertainment. Careful attention to the GPe in depressive disorders, as undertaken in the study by Baumann et al., may further enhance our pathophysiological understanding of these conditions.

REFERENCES

1. Baumann B, Danos P, Dieter K, et al: Reduced volume of limbic system–affiliated basal ganglia in mood disorders: preliminary data from a postmortem study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11:71–78[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Cheyette SR, Cummings JL: Encephalitis lethargica: lessons for contemporary neuropsychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995; 7:125–134[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Lauterbach EC, Cummings JL, Duffy J, et al: Neuropsychiatric correlates and treatment of lenticulostriatal diseases: a review of the literature and overview of research opportunities in Huntington's, Wilson's, and Fahr's diseases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 10:249–266[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Lauterbach EC, Jackson JG, Wilson AN, et al: Major depression after left posterior globus pallidus lesions. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1997; 10:9–16[Medline]
5. IidakaT , Nakajima T, Kawamoto K, et al: Signal hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging in elderly depressed patients. Eur Neurol 1996; 36:293–299[Medline]
6. Lowther S, Katona CI, Crompton MR, et al:5-HT_1D and 5-HT_1E/1F binding sites in depressed suicides: increased 5-HT_1D binding in globus pallidus but not cortex. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2:314–321
7. Troster AI, Fields JA, Wilkinson SH, et al: Unilateral pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease: neurobehavioral functioning before and 3 months after electrode implantation. Neurology 1997; 49:1078–1083
8. Masterman D, DeSalles A, Baloh RW, et al: Motor, cognitive, and behavioral performance following unilateral ventroposterior pallidotomy for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 1998; 55:1201–1208

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