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Arsenic Exposure May Be a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease

To the Editor: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, manifested by cognitive and memory deficits that impair daily activities and cause a variety of psychiatric and behavioral disturbances.¹ Many risk factors have been proposed, which, due to some cellular and subcellular mechanisms, finally lead to brain nerve apoptosis.

In Alzheimer’s disease, signs of inflammation of microglia and astroglia are present inside and outside amyloid deposits. It has been shown that there is a relationship between inflammation, reduction of neuronal functions, and deposition of amyloid. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that anti-inflammatory drugs could reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.²

The p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) is a stress-activated enzyme responsible for transducing inflammatory signals and initiating apoptosis. The activation of this kinase is associated with neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.² The c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) causes tau phosphorylation and finally leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles.³ The neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.

Arsenic and its compounds are used in pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and some kinds of alloys. Non-occupational sources of arsenic include contaminated food, water, air, and cigarette smoking.^4,5

Workers in industries that use or produce arsenic or arsenic compounds are at risk of exposure. Consumers can be exposed to arsenic or arsenic compounds in the air from production and processing facilities, such as copper and lead smelters, wood treatment plants, and coal burning power plants. Consumers may also be exposed to arsenic or arsenic compounds when using consumer products such as pesticides, fungicides, weed killers, preserved wood, and wood treatment products. If wood that has been treated is burned in a fireplace or wood-burning stove, it is possible to create acute toxic levels of arsenic products in the air of the home.

Arsenic can induce apoptosis in cortical neurons of rats. This process is based on the activation of JNK3 and p38 MAPK by arsenic.⁵ According to above-mentioned information, arsenic can activate the p38 MAPK and JNK3, which may cause brain neuronal apoptosis and lead to Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, using protective masks and improving work atmospheric conditions are necessary for reducing the exposure to this environmental hazard.

REFERENCES

1. Cummings JL: Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:56–67[Free Full Text]
2. Hull M, Lieb K, Fiebich BL: Pathways of inflammatory activation in Alzheimer’s disease: potential targets for disease modifying drugs. Curr Med Chem 2002; 9:83–88[Medline]
3. Sato S, Tatebayashi Y, Akagi T, et al: Aberrant tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and JNK3 induces oligomeric tau fibrils in COS-7 cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42060–42065[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®): Documentation of the arsenic, elemental and inorganic compounds (except arsine) TLV, in Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, Ohio, ACGIH Worldwide, 2003
5. Namgung U, Xia Z: Arsenic induces apoptosis in rat cerebellar neurons via activation of JNK3 and p38 MAP kinases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174:130–138[CrossRef][Medline]

Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Email this article to a Colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Articles & Searches Download to citation manager Citing Articles via Google Scholar Articles by Gharibzadeh, S. Articles by Hoseini, S. S. Search for Related Content PubMed Citation Articles by Gharibzadeh, S. Articles by Hoseini, S. S. Alzheimer's Disease

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