The Journal of Neuropsychiatry
& Clinical Neurosciences

Abnormalities of the physiological reward system are believed to play a major part in many serious psychiatric disorders, such as substance abuse, pathological gambling, and major depression. Motivation that involves liking, wanting, craving, and learning about pleasurable events and behavior is heavily influenced by the circuitry of the dopamine reward system, which plays a major role in both normal reward behavior and pathological behavior and addiction. In this Windows to the Brain article, the authors elucidate the mechanisms of this system.

Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with global neurologic, cognitive, and mood symptoms. The authors describe early and later symptoms of this deficiency, associated conditions, and approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

This review article provides extensive and in-depth reporting of research on studies assessing impulse-control disorder in its many forms, as it relates to Tourette's syndrome. Findings are presented in terms of varying patient samples and demographics: by age, gender, symptom profile, type of treatment, and result.